2014年英语专业八级考试听力真题及答案
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听力原文 Part 1, Listening Comprehension SECTION A MINI-LECTURE How to Reduce Stress Good morning! Today we look at how to reduce stress. As you all know, life always hasstresses, Ur, things which are causing us stress and living without stress is virtuallyimpossible. So, if we have to live with stress, we may as well find out more about what it is,how we can deal with it and so on.What is stress, then? The term was originally used in physicsto describe the force exerted between two touching bodies. That was strictly a termdescribing a physical reaction. Then in the 1930s, a doctor named Hans Selye, S-E-L-Y-E, firstused this term to describe a human’s reaction to a demand placed on it, pleasant or not. Andhe included in this response, things like accelerated breathing, accelerated heart rate, increasedblood pressure, muscle tension and so on. Now, please notice that I said that stress can be pleasant or not, this response can also bepleasant or not. And stress can be both negative and positive.Let’s take a look at positivestress. Positive stress occurrs in a life situation towards which one feels positively, things likeChristmas or getting married are usually positive events, but still stressful,nonetheless.Another example is the pressure in a job can give some people incentive towork and excitement, but it still is stress. Negative stress is what most of us think of when wethink of stress. And negative stress occurs logically enough in situations towards which onefeels negatively. And those examples could be test-taking, a friend’s death and so on. But herea thing to remember is that stress in itself is not hazardous. Rather, the danger is in theindividual’s reaction to the stress. So psychologists have found that if we developappropriate ways to cope with stressful situations, individuals can reduce the physiologicalharm which is caused by stress, or which can be caused by stress. And that’s what I want totalk a bit about today – what are these appropriate ways to deal with stress, how to minimizeany negative reactions.The first thing that most psychologists suggest is to learn torecognize your own stress signals. We all have different types of stress signals, butindividuals should monitor themselves for stress signals, so that they can focus on minimizingor acknowledging the stress before it gets out of control.And common early signs for manypeople include irritability, insomnia, weight loss or even weight gain, smoking, drinking,increases in small errors, all kinds of things that people get which could be an early signal ofstress. You can consider ways to protect yourself when you start seeing these signs coming on. Soyou might decide to withdraw from a stressful situation or reward yourself with equalamounts of low stress activity time. That’s really the first important way to deal with stressappropriately. The second important way to deal with stress is to pay attention to your body’sdemands. Most psychologists are finding that a good exercise program, good nutrition,decreases the amount of stress, or the effect of stress on the body or in the mind. And thisseems quite apparent because exercise can provide a stress-free environment away fromyour usual stresses and it keeps your body busy and preoccupied with non-stressful things.OK, the third thing to reduce stress is to make plans and act when appropriate. What issuggested is that rather than wasting energy on worrying, an individual can direct his or herenergy to plan the steps and act.And often, just the planning of the action helps to reduce thestress, because it reduces the worrying. And also the results of the plans or action may serveto remove or weaken the original cause of the stress. Please notice that I just now said“when appropriate”. And this next suggestion has to do with that idea of when appropriate.The third suggestion was to make plans and act when appropriate, rather than just sit aroundand worry. But the fourth plan, or fourth idea, says to learn to accept situations which are outof your control. These two then go hand in hand. You can make plans and act when it’sappropriate, but when it’s not appropriate, or when it’s impossible, the only way is to learnto accept that some things are unchangeable and out of your hands. So, for example, if you are in traffic, lateness caused by traffic is out of your hands. There’s nosense in getting really crazy about that. If you do so, it only increases your stress to wasteenergy trying to resist what’s inevitable or what can’t be avoided. The last item thatpsychologists suggest is to pace your activities. By “pace”, I mean giving yourself somemanageable tasks to do at a reasonable speed. That is, you go at a speed that you canhandle, break your task into manageable parts, rather than try to deal with the whole task allat once. So, as an example in your lives as students, a whole term paper might feeloverwhelming. But if you say to yourself, today I’m going to the library and gatherresources, tomorrow, I’m going to read three articles, and so on, you’ll have broken this onelarge task, that’s writing a term paper, down into many smaller and more manageable tasks.This will certainly reduce your stress.Ok. Having said all these, I want you to remember that theproblem is not in the stressful experiences themselves. We all experience stress and stressfulevents. The problem is in our reactions to these experiences. And each of us has our own limitsfor stress and our own ways of coping with stress. So long as we have our own appropriateways, stress or stressful situations can certainly be dealt with.Ok. That’s all for today’s lecture.See you next week. SECTION B INTERVIEW Damon: First of all, thank you obviously for yourtime, Angelina. You are now in Iraq. So what is your main aim in this visit? What are you tryingto accomplish while you are out here? Jolie: Well, I came to the region about 6 months ago. I first went to Syria because I work withU.N.H.C.R. and there are 1.5 million refugees in Syria alone from Iraq and while I was there, Iwent inside and met with some internally displaced people. You know, these are the peoplemade homeless because of the war. They are refugees. And this trip is to get a better picture ofthe internally displaced people and to discuss the situation with the local government, with ourgovernment, with the NGOs and with local people, and try to understand what is happening,because there are over 2 million internally displaced people and there doesn’t seem to be a realcoherent plan to help them and there’s lots of good will and lots of discussion, but just a lot oftalk at the moment and a lot of pieces need to be put together. So, trying to figure out whatthey are. Damon: What kind of sense have you been able to get so far in terms of how severe the crisisis and what actually needs to be done to help out? Jolie: Well, I, in my research before I came here, I looked at the numbers and there are over 4million people displaced and of the 2 million internally displaced, it’s estimated that 58 percentare under 12 years old. So it’s a very high number of people in a very, very vulnerablesituation and a lot of young kids. So far the different officials I’ve met with and different localpeople I’ve met with all have shared concerns and very strongly, you know, they have spokenout about the humanitarian crisis but um, there seems to be a block in. I’m not good at policyand fixing all this and saying what’s wrong, but I do know that, for example, U.N.H.C.R. needsto be more active inside Iraq. Damon: How do you think U.N.H.C.R. should be doing? Jolie: Well, I don’t have the answers, but I know that this is one thing that needs to beaddressed and solved because there does need to be a real presence here to help count thepeople and register the people. Damon: Do you think that the global community has a responsibility to address that? Jolie: Well I think the global community always has a responsibility to any humanitarian crisis.And I think it’s in our best interest to address a humanitarian crisis on this scale becausedisplacement can lead to a lot of instability and aggression. We certainly don’t want that. Alot of people feel it’s a little calmer now. This is the time to really discuss and and try to getthese communities back together. But if these communities don’t start coming back togetherproperly, if we don’t start really counting the people, understanding where they are, what theyneed, making sure the schools are being built, making sure the electricity,the water and all theseneeds are being met and also understanding that a lot of the people that will return are goingto come back to houses that are occupied or destroyed and bombed out. It’s going to be a bigoperation to understand the needs, to address it to help people put the pieces of their lifeback together and return to their communities. So it’s really just getting the plan together,getting the group together and everybody actively focused on helping the refugees. Damon: What would be the message that you would want to carry out of here back home oreven the message that you would want to get out internationally in terms of what’s happeninghere, the refugee crisis, the consequences that could happen in the future if it’s not properlyaddressed. Jolie: I always hate speculation on the news, so I don’t want to be somebody who speculates.Um but I think it’s clear that a displaced unstable population is what happens in Iraq, andhow Iraq settles in the years to come is going to affect the entire Middle East. And a big part ofwhat is going to affect how it settles is how these people are returned and settled into theirhomes into their community and brought back together and whether they can live togetherand what their communities look like, so it does have broad implications. Damon: On a personal level why is this so important to you? You are willing to come here andrisk your life. Jolie: Uh, it was an easy choice to make. I felt I had to come here because it is very difficult toget answers about especially the internally displaced people. It’s as I said even U.N.H.C.R. whoI traditionally work with, they are not able to be inside at the moment and so I was veryfrustrated and just getting a bunch of ideas and papers but not knowing what’s really going on,so today I’m able to talk to all different people from our government and their government andreally get some answers as to what is holding up the processes to really assist these peopleproperly. Damon: Do you think that you in your position can try to push this process forward but,pressure perhaps on our government? Jolie: To put pressure on our government? Damon: Yes, so try to just put pressure in general create awareness? Jolie: I certainly think creating awareness. I spoke to the officials from our government todayabout meeting our goal, and they still intend to reach that goal. You know there are manydifferent people who can be cynical or say well how are they going to do it, and I will ask themhow are you going to do it and is there some way we can help to ... you know ... Damon: Ok. Thank you, Angelina, for talking to us. Jolie: Pleasure. 相关资料 |
