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Behind the bleeding edge
MANKIND'S progress in developing new gizmos is often referred to as the "march of technology". That conjures up images of constant and relentless forward movement orchestrated with military precision. In reality, technological progress is rather less orderly. Some technologies do indeed improve at such a predictable pace that they obey simple formulae such as Moore's law, which acts as a battle plan for the semiconductor industry. Other technologies proceed by painful lurches-think of thirdgeneration mobile phones, or new versions of Microsoft Windows. And there are some cases, particularly in the developing world, when technological progress takes the form of a leapfrog.
Such leapfrogging involves adopting a new technology directly, and skipping over the earlier, inferior versions of it that came before. By far the bestknown example is that of mobile phones in the developing world. Fixedline networks are poor or nonexistent in many developing countries, so people have leapfrogged straight to mobile phones instead. The number of mobile phones now far outstrips the number of fixedline telephones in China, India and subSaharan Africa.
There are other examples. Incandescent light bulbs, introduced in the late 1870s, are slowly being displaced in the developed world by more energyefficient lightemitting diodes (LEDs), in applications from traffic lights to domestic lighting. LEDs could, however, have an even greater impact in parts of the developing world that lack mains power and electric lighting altogether. LEDs' greater energy efficiency makes it possible to run them from batteries charged by solar panels during the day.
Being behind the "bleeding edge" of technological development can sometimes be a good thing, in short. It means that early versions of a technology, which may be buggy, unreliable or otherwise inferior, can be avoided. America, for example, was the first country to adopt colour television, which explains why American television still looks so bad today: other countries came to the technology later and adopted technically superior standards.
The lesson to be drawn from all of this is that it is wrong to assume that developing countries will follow the same technological course as developed nations. Having skipped fixedline telephones, some parts of the world may well skip desktop computers in favour of portable devices, for example. Entire economies may even leapfrog from agriculture straight to hightech industries. That is what happened in Israel, which went from citrus farming to microchips; India, similarly, is doing its best to jump straight to a hightech service economy.
Those who anticipate and facilitate leapfrogging can prosper as a result. Those who fail to see it coming risk being jumped over. Kodak, for example, hit by the sudden rise of digital cameras in the developed world, wrongly assumed that it would still be able to sell oldfashioned film and film cameras in China instead. But the emerging Chinese middle classes leapfrogged straight to digital cameras-and even those are now outnumbered by camera phones.
落后于尖端
当谈到人类在某些新发明上取得进展时，人们往往会提到“技术行军”。这不禁让人眼前浮现一幅幅如军队般整齐排列、源源不断、表情严肃地向前迈进的景象。事实上，技术的进步很少有步调一致的情形。的确，有些技术的进步是以一种可预测的节奏进行着，他们遵循摩尔定律般简单的公式，好比是半导体工业的设计图纸。其他技术则往往举步维艰、坎坷难行——看看第三代移动电话或者微软最新版本的视窗操作系统就明白了。而在某些情况下，尤其在发展中国家，技术进步却是“跳跃式”的。
所谓“跳跃式”的进步就是跨越早期略显陈旧的技术而直接采用新技术。迄今，最深入人心的例子恐怕就是发展中国家的移动电话了。在许多发展中国家，固话网络发展落后甚至就没有。正因为如此，这些国家的人们便直接“跑步进入”移动电话时代。如今，在中国、印度和非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南地区手机的数量远远超过固定电话。
这儿还有一个例子。在发达国家里，从交通信号灯到家用照明灯，节能型LED灯正慢慢地取代19世纪70年代末引进的白炽灯。然而，在那些缺少电力网络和照明的发展中国家，LED可能已扮演更加重要的角色。凭借更高的能效，LED可以通过太阳能电池供能全天候工作。
总之，尖端技术发展落后有时也未必是坏事。也就是说，技术落后可以避免某项技术在发展初期可能不成熟、不可靠或者较粗糙所造成的麻烦。例如，美国是第一个使用彩色电视的国家，这也就解释为什么时至今日美国的电视机看起来还是那么糟糕；其他国家发展该项技术起步较晚，但采用的是更先进的技术工艺。
而种种技术跳跃也带来了启示：如果认为发展中国家会重复发达国家走过的技术发展历程，那就大错特错了。比如对世界上某些国家来说，既然已经跨越了固定电话，那么跨越台式进入便携式计算机时代或许也理所当然；甚至有可能整个国家从农业经济直接转向高科技产业。以色列便是例子，它从管理橘子园转变为生产微芯片；而印度也同样竭尽所能跻身高技术服务业。
早作准备并为之提供便利可以坐享技术跳跃带来的繁荣；而反应迟钝则意味着冒被他人赶超的危险。例如柯达，之前已经在发达国家内遭到数码相机的突袭而先败了一阵，却依然错误地判断老式胶卷和相机能够在中国帮其挽回颓势。但是，中国新兴的中产阶级们纷纷提前跨入了数码相机时代——而且现在，甚至连数码相机也被带有摄像功能的手机赶超了。
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