1997年英语专业八级考试真题及答案（5）
|
First read the questions.? 35. ___ deals with Marx’s intellectual impact.? A. Chapter Ⅰ B. Chapter Ⅱ? C. Chapter Ⅲ D. Chapter Ⅳ? 36. The chapter that discusses an important source of learning in high-technology industries is ___.? A. Chapter Ⅲ B. Chapter Ⅳ? C. Chapter Ⅴ D. Chapter Ⅵ? 37. The role of market forces in innovative activities is addressed in ___.? A. Part Ⅰ B. Part Ⅱ? C. Part Ⅲ D. Part Ⅴ? Now go through the TEXT I quickly and answer the questions. The book opens with a broad survey, in Part Ⅰ, of the historical literature on technical change. It attempts to provide a guide to a wide range of writings that illuminate technological change as a historical phenomenon. The first chap ter discusses aspects of the conceptualization of technological change and then goes on to consider what the literature has had to say on(l) the rate of technological change, (2) the forces influencing its direction, (3) the speed with which new technologies have diffused, and (4) the impact of technological change on the growth in productivity. A separate chapter is devoted to Marx. Marx’s intellectual impact has been so pervasive as to rank him as a major social force in history, as well as an armchair interpreter of history. Part II is, in important respects, the core of the book. Each of its chapters advances an argument about some significant characteristics of industrial technologies. Chapter 3 explores a variety of less visible forms in which technological improvements enter the economy. Chapter 4 explicitly considers some significant characteristics of different energy forms. It examines some of the complexities of the long-term interactions between technological change and energy resources. Chapter 5, “On Technological Expectations,” addresses an issue that is simultaneously relevant to a wide range of industries—indeed, to all industries that are experiencing, or are expected to experience, substantial rates of technical improvement. The last two chapters of Part Ⅱ are primarily concerned with issues of greatest relevance to high-technology industries. Chapter 6, “Learning by Using,” identifies an important source of learning that grows out of actual experience in using products characterized by a high degree of system complexity. In contrast to learning by doing, which deals with skill improvements that grow out of the productive process, learning by using involves an experience that begins where learning by doing ends. The final chapter in Part Ⅱ , “How Exogenous Is Science?” looks explicitly at the nature of science technology interactions in high-technology industries. It examines some of the specific ways in which these industries have been drawing upon the expanding pool of scientific knowledge and techniques. The three chapters constituting Part Ⅲ share a common concern with the role of market forces in shaping both the rate and direction of innovative activities, They attempt to look into the composition of forces constituting the demand and the supply for new products and processes, especially in high-technology industries. Chapter 8 examines the history of technical change in the commercial aircraft industry over a fifty-year period 1925 - 1975. Finally, the two chapters of Part Ⅳ place the discussion of technological change in an international context, with the first chapter oriented toward its long history and second toward the present and the future. Chapter 11 pays primary attention to the transfer of industrial technology from Britain to the world-wide industrialization, because nineteenth-century industrialization was, in considerable measure,the story of the overseas transfer of the technologies already developed by the first industrial society. The last chapter speculates about the prospects for the future from an American perspective, a perspective that is often dominated by apprehension over the loss of American technological leadership, especially in high-technology industries. By drawing upon some of the distinctive characteristics of high-technology industries, an attempt is made to identify possible elements of a future scenario.? ? TEXT J First read the questions.? 38. Who can enter the contest?? A. Postgraduates. B. Undergraduates. C. Journalists.D. Teachers.? 39. Which of the following entry rules is NOT correct?? A. Submissions had been published within a specified period.? B. No limits are set on content or length of the submission.? C. Each entrant can submit no more than one entry.? D. A cover letter by the entrant is required.? Now go through the TEXT J quickly and answer the questions.? THE FIFTH ANNUAL? NATION/I.F. STONE AWARD? FOR STUDENT JOURNALISM? ENTRY DEADLINE:JUNE 29,1994 PURPOSE: The Nation Institute/I. F. Stone Award recognizes excellence in student journalism. Entries should exhibit the uniquely independent journalistic tradition of I. F. Stone. A self-described “Jeffersonian Marxist, ”Stone combined progressive polities, investigative zeal and a compulsion to tell the truth with a commitment to human rights and the exposure of injustice. As Washington edit or of the Nation magazine and founder of the legendary I. F. Stone’s Weekly, he specialized in publishing information ignored by the mainstream media (which he often found in The Congressional Record and other public documents overlooked by the big-circulation dailies). ELIGIBILITY: The contest is open to all undergraduate students enrolled in a U. S. college. Articles may be submitted by the writers themselves or nominated by editors of student publications or faculty members. While entries originally published in student publications are preferred, all articles will be considered provided they were not written as part of a student’s regular course work. THE PRIZE: The article that, in the opinion of the judges, represents the most outstanding example of student journalism in the tradition of I. F. Stone will be published in a fall issue of The Nation. The winner will receive a cash award of $ 1,000. The Nation reserves the right to edit the winning article to conform to the space limitations of the magazine. Announcement of the winning article will be made in The Nation in the fall of 1994. DEADLINE: All entries must be postmarked by June 29,1994. ENTRY RULES: All entries must have been written or published between June 3 0, 1993 and June 29, 1994. Please send 2 photocopies. Each writer may submit up to three separate entries. A series of related articles will be considered as a single entry. Investigative articles are particularly encouraged. There are no restrictions as to scope, content or length. Accompanying material in support of entries is not required, but entrants are encouraged to submit a cover letter explaining the context of the submitted story, along with a brief biographical note about the author. Elaborate presentations are neither required nor desired. Entries will not be returned. Judges reserve the right to authenticate, accept or disallow entries at their discretion. The decision of the judges is final. All entries must include the writer’s school, home address and telephone number.? ALL ENTRIES SHOULD BE SENT TO:? NATION/STONE AWARD, C/O THE NATION INSTITUTE,? 72 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10011? FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ,PLEASE? CAI J.(212) 463 - 9270? A PROJECT OF THE NATION INSTITUTE? ? TEXT K First read the question.? 40.According to the holiday advertisement, $ 939 is for a ___.? A. two-week holiday in October? B. two-week holiday in November? C. three-week holiday in November? D. three-week holiday in October? Now go through the TEXT K quickly and answer the question.? What price paradise? Less than you could possibly imagine on this incredible value holiday with Page & Moy, the UK’s No 1 tour operator to Hawaii. You can enjoy three weeks for the price of two at the Outrigger Village Hotel for just $ 899 during November or $ 939 in October. The PoLarryesians call Hawaii “Paradise on earth”. You’ll soon see why, whils t enjoying the facilities of the Outrigger Village Hotel including pool, bars, restaurant and shopping arcade, and just a five minute walk from the legendary Waikiki beach. Life can be as busy or as relaxing as you like——we can even help you create your own itinerary of excursions to the other islands, each stunningly beautiful but very different. To start your holiday you can choose a 2 night stay in San Francisco, Los Angeles or as Vegas absolutely free. Join us in the tropical paradise of Hawaii-2 weeks from an unrepeatable price of $ 899 with a 3rd week free.? ? THE PRICE INCLUDES? ? 2 nights in San Francisco, Los Angeles or Las Vegas.? Scheduled flights from London/Manchester/Birmingham.? Transfers between airport and hotels (except Las Vegas)? 14 nights accommodation in Hawaii-3rd week free.? Traditional Lei greeting.? Services of experienced local travel representatives? Free travel bag.? Holiday Delay Insurance.? ? 试卷二 (120 min)??? Part Ⅳ Translation (60 min) SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH? Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.? 来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样，大多非常刻苦勤奋，周末也往往会抽出一天甚 至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人，嗜 烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的 心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生。他 干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1990年夏天，我不顾别人劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。? ? SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE? Translate the following underlined part of the text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE. Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are not inevit ably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another. ? ? Part Ⅴ Writing (60 min) Some people hold the view that a student’s success in university study follows the same pattern as that of fanning, which is characterized by the sowing the seeds, nurturing growth and harvesting the rewards’ process. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic given below to support this view with your own exp erience as a university student.? SOWING THE SEEDS,NURTURING GROWTH AND HARVESTING THE REWARDS In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement , and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. 相关资料 |
